The Percolating History of Tea and Coffee.

In the bustling tapestry of caffeinated delights, the story of tea and coffee unfolds as an aromatic journey through time, cultures, and continents. From ancient rituals to modern brews, these beverages have left an indelible mark on global traditions and social rituals.

The Ancient Infusions:

Our odyssey begins in ancient China, where the mystical legend of Emperor Shen Nong tells of tea's accidental discovery around 2737 BCE. In India, the cultivation of tea is traced back to the Buddhist monks who incorporated the leaves into their meditation practices. Coffee, on the other hand, finds its roots in the Ethiopian highlands, where legend has it that a goatherd named Kaldi discovered the beans after noticing his goats' newfound energy.

Tea. From Zen to Trade:

Tea's journey from a medicinal elixir to a cultural staple unfolded in China during the Tang Dynasty. With the spread of Buddhism, tea found its way to Japan, where the Japanese tea ceremony evolved into a revered art form. Meanwhile, in the 17th century, the British East India Company brought tea to England, triggering a cultural shift that would elevate tea to a symbol of refinement and social status.

Coffeehouses and Enlightenment:

As tea ceremonies blossomed in Asia, coffeehouses became intellectual hubs in the Arab world during the 15th century. The "qahveh khaneh" in Persia and the coffeehouses of Istanbul became lively spaces for discussion and entertainment. In the 17th century, coffeehouses sprouted across Europe, particularly in London and Paris, fostering an environment that incubated the Enlightenment's intellectual fervor.

Colonial Trade and Tea Parties:

The 18th century marked the global expansion of tea and coffee through colonial trade routes. Tea became a revolutionary symbol in America, leading to the infamous Boston Tea Party. Meanwhile, coffee plantations flourished in Latin America, and the demand for "black gold" surged.

Industrial Revolution and Daily Brews:

The 19th century witnessed a transformative era with the Industrial Revolution. Tea and coffee, once considered luxury items, became daily staples for people across classes. The invention of the tea bag and instant coffee brought convenience to the masses, reshaping the landscape of how these beverages were consumed.

Global Aromas and Rituals:

As the 20th century unfolded, tea and coffee permeated cultures worldwide, each with its unique rituals. Chai became a cherished tradition in India, while espresso culture flourished in Italy. Specialty teas and third-wave coffee movements in the 21st century redefined the appreciation for nuanced flavors and artisanal brews.

Ethical Brews and Sustainable Sips:

In contemporary times, ethical considerations have come to the forefront. Fairtrade and sustainability movements seek to ensure that the journey from crop to cup respects both the environment and the people involved in production.

Coffee plays a significant role in the lives of millions of people around the world. For many, it is an essential part of their daily routine, providing a boost of energy and a moment of relaxation. Coffee is often enjoyed in the morning to help start the day, during a mid-day break to recharge, or after a meal as a digestive aid. In addition to its stimulating effects, coffee has also been associated with various health benefits, such as reducing the risk of diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and liver cancer, among others.
Moreover, coffee is also a major global commodity and one of the world's most traded agricultural products. It supports the livelihoods of millions of people in developing countries who work in the coffee industry, from farmers to traders, roasters, and baristas. Coffee is grown in over 60 countries, with the top producers being Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia.
Finally, coffee has become a social symbol and a way of life for many, with coffee shops and cafes serving as gathering places for friends, colleagues, and communities. The coffee culture has evolved into a unique and diverse world of specialty and artisanal coffee, with a range of brewing methods, flavor profiles, and roasting styles, catering to different tastes and preferences.

There are many types of coffee, each with its own unique characteristics and flavor profiles. Here are some of the most popular types of coffee:

Espresso - A small shot of strong, concentrated coffee made by forcing hot water through finely-ground coffee beans under high pressure.

Cappuccino - Espresso combined with steamed milk and topped with foamed milk.

Latte - Espresso combined with steamed milk and a small amount of foamed milk.

Americano - Espresso diluted with hot water to create a similar strength to drip coffee.

Mocha - Espresso combined with chocolate syrup, steamed milk, and whipped cream.

Flat white - Similar to a latte, but with a higher proportion of espresso to milk and a thin layer of microfoam on top.

Macchiato - Espresso with a small amount of steamed milk and foam on top.

Affogato - A scoop of vanilla ice cream topped with a shot of espresso.

Turkish coffee - Ground coffee beans boiled in a pot with water and sugar, and served unfiltered.

Pour-over - Coffee made by pouring hot water over freshly ground coffee beans in a filter.

French press - Coffee made by steeping ground coffee beans in hot water in a press pot.

Cold brew - Coffee made by steeping coffee grounds in cold water for an extended period of time.

(!) These are just a few of the many types of coffee available, and new variations and blends are constantly being developed.

The top 10 coffee-producing countries in the world are:

    1. Brazil

    2. Vietnam

    3. Colombia

    4. Indonesia

    5. Ethiopia

    6. Honduras

    7. India

    8. Uganda

    9. Peru

    10. Mexico

Together, these countries produce over 80% of the world's coffee. Other significant coffee producers include Guatemala, Nicaragua, Ivory Coast, Costa Rica, and Kenya.

The worldwide buyers of coffee vary depending on the industry and purpose. Here are some of the major buyers of coffee:

Coffee roasters: Companies that roast coffee beans and sell them to retailers or directly to consumers. Some of the major coffee roasters include Nestle, JAB Holding Company, and Starbucks.

Retailers: Supermarkets, grocery stores, and other retail outlets that sell coffee beans, ground coffee, or ready-to-drink coffee. Some of the major retailers include Walmart, Costco, and Tesco.

Coffee shops and cafes: Businesses that serve coffee-based beverages and snacks to customers. Some of the major coffee shop chains include Starbucks, Dunkin' Donuts, and Costa Coffee.

Food and beverage manufacturers: Companies that use coffee as an ingredient in their products, such as chocolate, ice cream, and energy drinks. Some of the major food and beverage manufacturers include Coca-Cola, Mars, and Nestle.

Exporters and importers: Companies that specialize in buying and selling coffee beans across borders. Some of the major exporters include Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia, while some of the major importers include the United States, Germany, and Italy.

Commodities traders: Companies that trade coffee futures and options on major exchanges. Some of the major commodities traders include Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland, and Louis Dreyfus.

One of the most expensive coffee varieties in the world is Kopi Luwak, also known as civet coffee. It is made from beans that have been eaten and excreted by the Asian palm civet, a cat-like mammal found in Southeast Asia. The digestion process of the civet supposedly enhances the flavor of the coffee, making it smoother and less bitter. However, the production of Kopi Luwak has been criticized for its inhumane treatment of the civets and the lack of regulation in the industry.
Another expensive coffee variety is Black Ivory Coffee, which is made in Thailand from beans that have been eaten and excreted by elephants. The beans are then handpicked and roasted to create a unique flavor profile. Like Kopi Luwak, Black Ivory Coffee has also been criticized for its animal welfare concerns.

Other expensive coffee varieties include Hacienda La Esmeralda, Jamaican Blue Mountain, and St. Helena Coffee.

It can be difficult to distinguish proper coffee from fake, especially if you are not familiar with the coffee market. However, here are a few tips that may help:

Buy coffee from a trusted source: Make sure to buy coffee from reputable sellers, such as established coffee shops or recognized online retailers.

Check the label: Look for information on the label, including the origin of the coffee, the roast date, and the type of bean.

Taste the coffee: Proper coffee should have a rich, full flavor and aroma. If the coffee tastes weak or stale, it may not be genuine.

Check the price: If the price seems too good to be true, it probably is. High-quality coffee is expensive to produce, so if you see a price that is significantly lower than the market rate, it could be a sign that the coffee is not genuine.

Look for certifications: Some coffee producers and retailers may have certifications, such as Fair Trade or Rainforest Alliance, which can indicate that the coffee has been produced and sold ethically and sustainably.

Here are some tips to recognize good coffee sellers from not-so-good ones:

Quality of the Coffee: A good coffee seller will offer high-quality coffee that has been freshly roasted and has a rich aroma. You can ask the seller about the origin of the coffee, the roasting process, and the type of beans used to determine its quality.

Knowledgeable Staff: The staff at a good coffee seller will be knowledgeable about the different types of coffee, brewing methods, and the best way to store and prepare coffee. They should be able to answer your questions and provide guidance on choosing the right coffee.

Cleanliness and Hygiene: A good coffee seller will maintain a clean and hygienic environment. This includes the store or café where the coffee is sold, as well as the equipment used for brewing and serving coffee.

Variety of Options: A good coffee seller will offer a variety of coffee options to suit different tastes and preferences. This can include different types of beans, roasts, blends, and brewing methods.

Fair Pricing: While high-quality coffee may be more expensive, a good seller will offer fair pricing that reflects the quality of the coffee. You can compare prices between different sellers to ensure that you are not being overcharged.

Reputation: You can also check the reputation of a coffee seller through online reviews or by asking other coffee enthusiasts for recommendations. A good seller will have positive reviews and a strong reputation within the coffee community.

Coffee standards labels and marks are used to indicate the quality and characteristics of coffee beans, as well as the ethical and environmental practices involved in their production. Here are some common coffee standards labels and marks:

Fairtrade: This label indicates that the coffee has been produced and traded according to ethical standards, ensuring that farmers are paid a fair price for their product.

Rainforest Alliance Certified: This certification ensures that the coffee has been produced in a way that protects the environment and promotes sustainable farming practices.

Organic: This label indicates that the coffee has been produced without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.

UTZ Certified: This label indicates that the coffee has been produced in a way that promotes sustainable farming practices and improves the livelihoods of farmers.

Direct Trade: This label indicates that the coffee has been purchased directly from the farmer or cooperative, bypassing middlemen and ensuring that the farmer receives a fair price.

Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) score: This score is given to coffee that has been cupped and scored according to strict standards set by the SCA, indicating high-quality coffee with desirable characteristics.

When purchasing coffee, it's important to look for these labels and marks to ensure that you are buying high-quality, ethically-produced coffee.

Tea standards labels and marks are used to indicate the quality and authenticity of tea products. The most commonly used labels and marks include:

Fairtrade: This label ensures that the tea is produced and traded under fair conditions, with a focus on protecting workers' rights and promoting sustainability.

Rainforest Alliance Certified: This label indicates that the tea is sourced from farms that meet rigorous environmental and social standards, including the protection of wildlife and ecosystems.

USDA Organic: This label is used to indicate that the tea is produced without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or other harmful chemicals.

UTZ Certified: This label indicates that the tea is sourced from farms that promote responsible agriculture, including fair labor practices and environmental sustainability.

Ethical Tea Partnership (ETP): This label indicates that the tea is sourced from suppliers who are committed to promoting sustainability and improving conditions for workers and communities.

Certified Elephant Friendly: This label indicates that the tea is sourced from farms that have taken steps to protect elephant habitats and prevent human-elephant conflicts.

(!) These labels and marks can help consumers make informed decisions about the tea they purchase, and can also help to promote sustainable and ethical practices within the tea industry.

Here are some tips to recognize a good tea seller from a fake one:

Reputation: Look for a seller with a good reputation. Check online reviews and ask for recommendations from friends who are tea enthusiasts.

Transparency: A good tea seller will be transparent about the source of their teas and the production process. They will provide information about the origin, harvest date, and processing method of their teas.

Variety: A good tea seller will have a variety of teas to offer, including different types, grades, and flavors. They should also be able to recommend teas based on your taste preferences and budget.

Quality: Quality is key when it comes to tea. A good tea seller will offer high-quality teas that are fresh, fragrant, and flavorful. Look for teas that have a clear and vibrant color, and avoid teas that are dull or have a stale smell.

Price: While price is not always an indicator of quality, it is important to compare prices and make sure you are getting a fair deal. Avoid sellers that offer teas at extremely low prices, as this could be a sign of poor quality or even counterfeit tea.

Customer service: A good tea seller will provide excellent customer service, answering your questions and helping you choose the right teas for your needs. They should also offer a satisfaction guarantee or return policy, in case you are not happy with your purchase.

There are many great tea sellers around the world, but here are some well-known tea-producing countries and their most famous tea companies:

China: China is the world's largest producer of tea, and some of the most famous Chinese tea companies include Ten Fu Group, China Tea Co. Ltd., and China Tea (Hunan) Co. Ltd.

India: India is known for producing a wide range of teas, including black tea, green tea, and chai. Some of the most popular tea companies in India include Tata Tea, Brooke Bond, and Goodricke Group.

Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka, also known as Ceylon, is famous for its Ceylon tea. Some of the most well-known tea companies from Sri Lanka include Dilmah, Lipton, and Akbar Brothers.

Japan: Japan is known for its high-quality green teas, such as matcha and sencha. Some of the most famous Japanese tea companies include Ito En, Marukyu-Koyamaen, and Yamamotoyama.

Kenya: Kenya is a major producer of black tea and is known for its high-quality teas. Some of the most famous Kenyan tea companies include Ketepa, Williamson Tea, and James Finlay.

Taiwan: Taiwan is famous for its oolong teas, which are semi-oxidized and have a unique flavor profile. Some of the most well-known Taiwanese tea companies include Ten Ren Tea, Sun Moon Lake Tea, and Li Shan Tea.

Turkey: Turkey is known for its black tea, which is often served in small glasses called "çay bardağı." Some of the most famous Turkish tea companies include Caykur and Dogadan.

United Kingdom: Although the UK is not a major tea producer, it is famous for its tea culture and tea companies. Some of the most well-known UK tea companies include Twinings, Taylors of Harrogate, and Fortnum & Mason.

There are many different types and varieties of tea available, each with its unique flavor profile and brewing requirements. Here are some of the most common types of teas:

Black tea: This is the most commonly consumed tea in the world and is made from fully fermented tea leaves. It is typically stronger and has a bolder flavor than other types of tea.

Green tea: This tea is made from unfermented tea leaves, which gives it a more delicate and fresh taste. It is high in antioxidants and is believed to have many health benefits.

Oolong tea: This tea is partially fermented and has a taste that falls somewhere between black and green tea. It has a rich, complex flavor and is often used in traditional Chinese medicine.

White tea: This is the least processed of all teas and is made from the youngest leaves of the tea plant. It has a delicate, subtle flavor and is very low in caffeine.

Herbal tea: This tea is not technically a tea because it is not made from the leaves of the tea plant, but instead from herbs, flowers, and other plant materials. It comes in a wide range of flavors and is often consumed for its perceived health benefits.

Fruit tea: Similar to herbal tea, this tea is made from dried fruit or fruit pieces, which gives it a sweet and fruity flavor. It is often consumed as an iced tea.

Rooibos tea: This tea is made from the leaves of a South African plant and has a sweet, nutty flavor. It is high in antioxidants and is often used as a caffeine-free alternative to black or green tea.

Matcha: This is a type of green tea that is ground into a fine powder and whisked with hot water. It has a rich, creamy flavor and is often used in Japanese tea ceremonies.

(!) These are just a few examples of the many different types of teas available.        

There are several types of tea that are considered to be some of the most expensive in the world, including:

Da Hong Pao: Also known as "Big Red Robe," this oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains in China can cost up to $1,000 per gram, making it one of the most expensive teas in the world.

Panda Dung Tea: This unique tea is grown in the mountains of Sichuan, China, and is fertilized with the dung of pandas. It can cost up to $200 per cup.

Tie Guan Yin: This oolong tea from the Fujian province of China is known for its floral aroma and can cost up to $3,000 per kilogram.

Gyokuro: This Japanese green tea is grown in the shade, which gives it a sweeter taste. It can cost up to $350 per pound.

Silver Tips Imperial: This white tea from Sri Lanka is made from the unopened buds of the tea plant and is handpicked. It can cost up to $3,000 per kilogram.

Yellow Gold Tea Buds: This tea is grown in the mountains of China and is handpicked before the sunrise. It can cost up to $3,000 per kilogram.

Poo Poo Pu-Erh: This tea is made from fermented tea leaves and is aged for up to 15 years. It can cost up to $1,000 per pound.

Tea is a popular beverage worldwide, with consumption varying by region and country. The top tea-consuming countries in the world are China, India, and Turkey. In China, tea is an integral part of the culture, and it is estimated that the average person drinks around 1.6 kilograms of tea per year. In India, tea is the most popular hot beverage, and the country is the second-largest producer of tea in the world. Turkey has a strong tea-drinking culture, with black tea being the most popular variety. Other countries with high tea consumption include the United Kingdom, Japan, and Iran.        

As we savor the fragrant notes of our morning brew or unwind with an evening cup, the history of tea and coffee echoes in each comforting sip. From ancient legends to the modern cafe culture, these brewed elixirs remain intertwined with the ebb and flow of human history, leaving an aromatic legacy that transcends time and borders.

Have a good hot drink,

Risa La